As part of its operation, APT uses a file that lists the 'sources' from which packages can be obtained. This file is /etc/apt/sources.list.
The entries in this file normally follow this format:
deb http://site.http.org/debian distribution section1 section2 section3
deb-src http://site.http.org/debian distribution section1 section2 section3
Of course, the above entries are fictitious and should not be used. The first word on each line, deb or deb-src, indicates the type of archive: whether it contains binary packages (deb), that is, the pre-compiled packages that we normally use, or source packages (deb-src), which are the original program sources plus the Debian control file (.dsc) and the diff.gz containing the changes needed for `debianizing' the program.
We usually find the following in the default Debian sources.list:
# See sources.list(5) for more information, especialy
# Remember that you can only use http, ftp or file URIs
# CDROMs are managed through the apt-cdrom tool.
deb http://http.us.debian.org/debian stable main contrib non-free
deb http://non-us.debian.org/debian-non-US stable/non-US main contrib non-free
deb http://security.debian.org stable/updates main contrib non-free
# Uncomment if you want the apt-get source function to work
#deb-src http://http.us.debian.org/debian stable main contrib non-free
#deb-src http://non-us.debian.org/debian-non-US stable non-US
These are the lines needed by a basic Debian install. The first deb line points to the official archive, the second to the non-US archive and the third to the archive of Debian security updates.
The two last lines are commented out (with a `#' in front), so apt-get will ignore them. These are deb-src lines, that is, they point to Debian source packages. If you often download program sources for testing or recompiling, uncomment them.
The /etc/apt/sources.list file can contain several types of lines. APT knows how to deal with archives of types http, ftp, file (local files, e.g., a directory containing a mounted ISO9660 filesystem) and ssh, that I know of.
Sometimes you have lots of packages .deb that you would like to use APT to install so that the dependencies would be automaticaly solved.
To do that create a directory and put the .debs you want to index in it . For example:
mkdir /root/debs
So, inside the directory /root, create an empty file, with any name. That is because an APT repository needs a file known as "override", it may be empty, but it has to exist. One may use the following command to create this file:
touch file
Inside this file you may want to define some options to override the ones the ones that come with the package. It looks like follows:
package priority section
package is the name of the package, priority is low, medium or high and section is the section to which it belongs. It is enough to leave the file empty/
Still in the /root directory do:
dpkg-scanpackages debs file | gzip > debs/Packages.gz
In the above line, file is the "override" file, the command generates a file debs/Packages.gz that contains various informations about the packages, which are used by APT. To use the packages, finally, add:
deb file:/root debs/
After that just use the APT commands as usual. You may also generate a sources
repository. To do that use the same procedure, but remember that you need to
have the files .orig.tar.gz, .dsc and
.diff.gz in the directory and you have to use Sources.gz instead
of Packages.gz. The program used is also different. It is the
dpkg-scansources. The command line will look like this:
dpkg-scansources debs | gzip > debs/Sources.gz
Notice that dpkg-scansources doesn't need an "override"
file. The sources.list's line is:
deb-src file:/root debs/
A very frequent doubt, mainly among the newest users is: "which Debian mirror to include in sources.list?". There are many ways to decide which mirror. The experts probably have a script that measures the ping time through the several mirrors. But there's a program that does this for us: netselect.
To install netselect, as usual:
apt-get install netselect
Executing it without parameters shows the help. Executing it with a space-separated list of hosts (mirrors), it will return a score and one of the hosts. This score takes in consideration the estimated ping time and the hops (hosts by which a network query will pass by to reach the destination) number and is inversely proportional to the estimated download speed (so, the lower, the better). The returned host is the one that had the lesser score (the full list of scores can be seen adding the -vv option). See this example:
bash$ netselect ftp.debian.org http.us.debian.org ftp.at.debian.org download.unesp.br ftp.debian.org.br
365 ftp.debian.org.br
bash$
This means that, from the mirrors included as parameters to netselect, ftp.debian.org.br was the best, with an score of 365. (Attention!! As it was done in my computer and the network topography is extremely different depending on the contact point, this value is not necessarily the right speed in other computers).
Now, just put the fastest mirror found by netselect in the /etc/apt/sources.list file (see The /etc/apt/sources.list file, Seção 2.1) and follow the tips in Managing packages, Capítulo 3.
Note: the list of mirrors may always be found in the file
http://www.debian.org/mirror/mirrors_full.
Beginning with the 0.3 version, netselect package includes the netselect-apt script, which makes the process above automatic. Just enter the distribution tree as parameter (the default is stable) and the sources.list file will be generated with the best main and non-US mirrors and will be saved under the current directory. The following example generates a sources.list of the stable distribution:
bash$ ls sources.list
ls: sources.list: File or directory not found
bash$ netselect-apt stable
(...)
bash$ ls -l sources.list
sources.list
bash$
Remember: the sources.list file is generated under the current directory, and must be moved to the /etc/apt directory.
Then, follow the tips in Managing packages, Capítulo 3.
If you'd rather use your CD-ROM for installing packages or updating your system
automatically with APT, you can put it in your sources.list. To
do so, you can use the apt-cdrom program like this:
apt-cdrom add
with the Debian CD-ROM in the drive. It will mount the CD-ROM, and if it's a valid Debian CD it will look for package information on the disk. If your CD-ROM configuration is a little unusual, you can also use the following options:
-h - program help
-d directory - CD-ROM mount point
-r - Rename a recognized CD-ROM
-m - No mounting
-f - Fast mode, don't check package files
-a - Thorough scan mode
For example:
apt-cdrom -d /home/kov/mycdrom add
You can also identify a CD-ROM, without adding it to your list:
apt-cdrom ident
Note that this program only works if your CD-ROM is properly configured in your system's /etc/fstab.
kov@debian.org